Delirium is an acute change in mental status. Look for a trigger such as acute illness, surgery, injury or medicine effects, including when dementia is already present.

Aspirate the bursa. For selected patients, such as mild septic bursitis without systemic symptoms, empirical antibiotics without aspiration can be considered.

No. eTG now says to keep the GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP drug going and use a risk-reduction plan to prevent aspiration into the lungs.

Dexamethasone. eTG's revised osteoporosis guidance covers its role, plus how often to dose zoledronic acid and how to give it safely in general practice.

People with resistant hypertension or suspected secondary hypertension. Remember that many drugs affect the aldosterone-to-renin ratio.

About 5% of people, across more than 80 related disorders. Thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes are among the common ones. There is no cure yet, so treatment aims to ease symptoms and protect organs.

Urgent surgical decompression of the blocked system, not just antibiotics. For an uncomplicated stone, a trial of tamsulosin may help it pass.

DMPA carries a small increase in venous thromboembolism risk. Known clotting mutations and being postpartum with other VTE risks are also on the list.

Check for dosing errors, interacting medicines and new kidney impairment. Methotrexate is cleared through the kidneys, so a change in renal function can alter its safety.

Inguinal hernias are the commonest and mostly affect males; femoral hernias are more common in females.

Pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Systemic sclerosis can affect internal organs as well as skin, so respiratory involvement belongs in the assessment.

A clinician combines the history and examination with validated testing. Skin-prick testing, allergen-specific IgE and appropriately supervised challenges have recognised roles; a test result alone cannot establish allergy.

As-needed low-dose budesonide–formoterol — an anti-inflammatory reliever (AIR). The Handbook now says no adult or adolescent should use a SABA reliever on its own: even infrequent symptoms carry a risk of severe flare-ups.

0.01 mg/kg up to 0.5 mg — that is 0.01 mL/kg of 1:1,000, maximum 0.5 mL. Adults and children over 50 kg get 0.5 mL. Pregnancy is no reason to hold back: same dose, and lie her on her left side.

E. coli resistance to amoxicillin is high and enterococci are rarely involved, so it was dropped for non-pregnant adults. In pregnancy it stays, to cover the higher risk of invasive group B streptococcus.

3 or more 200-dose canisters a year is linked to more severe flare-ups. 12 or more is linked to a higher risk of dying from asthma. Either is a cue to review treatment.

No. eTG's September 2025 update dropped clindamycin because of the risk of severe adverse reactions. Doxycycline or azithromycin is now recommended.

Not necessarily. ASCIA's 2026 guideline says a mild perioral rash on its own may not be an allergic reaction — encourage parents to try the food again. If more widespread symptoms appear next time, seek specialist advice.

No. Since December 2025, eTG recommends trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole for all water-immersed wound infections, whatever the water. Add metronidazole if the water was contaminated with soil or sewage.

37.5–50 mg orally, then each morning for a total of 5–10 days. A short course does not need tapering. Adolescents: 1 mg/kg (maximum 50 mg) once daily for 3–5 days.

neffy nasal spray: 1 mg for 15–30 kg (minimum age 4) and 2 mg for 30 kg and over. It is TGA-registered and PBS-listed, alongside the EpiPen, Jext and Anapen 500 injectors.

Cerebral injury. DKA care must monitor acute complications while correcting dehydration and acidosis, reversing ketosis and gradually restoring glucose and electrolyte balance.

Adrenal suppression can leave the child unable to meet increased cortisol needs. Illness may require hydrocortisone stress cover rather than the usual maintenance regimen; follow the prescribed plan.

Leakage because the person cannot reach or use the toilet in time. Mobility limitations or difficulty recognising the need to urinate, such as with dementia, can contribute.

Obstruction can cause pain and other symptoms, including jaundice, cholecystitis or pancreatitis.

Explain that correctly selected topical corticosteroids are effective for eczema inflammation. Clarify where and how to apply them, and use an agreed treatment plan rather than undertreating a flare.

The diagnosing clinician initiates contact tracing. They can support patient-led notification, notify contacts on the patient’s behalf, or refer complex cases for specialist support.

During significant intercurrent illness with poor intake or fluid loss, provide an individual medication plan to reduce preventable AKI risk. Explain when to seek clinical advice and when medicines should be restarted; do not apply a blanket rule.

Uncontrolled high blood pressure is a risk factor for aortic dissection. A tear in the aortic wall is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.

Call Triple Zero (000) immediately. Heart attack is a medical emergency; ongoing interruption to coronary blood flow causes increasing heart muscle damage.

CBT helps identify unhelpful thinking and behaviour patterns and practise more helpful alternatives. It is structured and tailored to the person's difficulties.

They support recovery and healthy behaviours, risk-factor education and modification, medicine adherence, and review for medicine-related harm.

Pseudohyperkalaemia can follow collection artefact or haemolysis; marked thrombocytosis or leucocytosis can also affect results. Do not dismiss a dangerous result—correlate clinically, check ECG and confirm appropriately.

Consider respiratory, urinary, CNS, abdominal/hepatobiliary, skin/soft tissue, wounds and intravascular devices. Target history, examination and investigations to the presentation; source control may be needed.

Heart rate and stroke volume rise, increasing cardiac output. Blood flow is redistributed towards active skeletal muscle to support its increased metabolic demand.

Refer for pulmonary rehabilitation, particularly during the recovery phase. Discharge planning should also include comprehensive follow-up.

healthdirect recommends speaking with a doctor for recurrent episodes or symptoms that continue; pregnancy is one factor associated with thrush.

A focused ocular history and eye examination. The NSW manual is an illustrated emergency resource covering assessment and specific eye presentations.

Open-globe (penetrating) injury, orbital fracture and retrobulbar haemorrhage are among the manual’s dedicated trauma topics.

Hospital treatment may include intravenous fluids, antibiotics and analgesia; cholecystectomy is recommended for most people.

Yes. The RCPA Manual notes iron deficiency can be present before anaemia develops; ferritin is the most sensitive measure of iron stores, interpreted with inflammation in mind.

They suppress the underlying inflammation, helping prevent erosions and reduce pain. Benefits extend beyond joints: controlling inflammation can also reduce cardiovascular morbidity.

Eligible asymptomatic people aged 45–74 can use the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program’s at-home iFOBT every two years. Symptoms need clinical investigation.

Neither has a role in treating FPIES itself. Its delayed gut reaction differs from IgE-mediated anaphylaxis; repeated vomiting may accompany pallor, lethargy or floppiness.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. The cited ENT referral guide distinguishes this emergency from age-related and noise-induced hearing loss pathways.

People responding to anaphylaxis without medical training or equipment beyond an adrenaline device. They are emergency response instructions, not a document intended only for clinicians.

Mosquito exposure followed by joint pain, often with fever, rash or fatigue. Symptoms may persist for months. Treatment relieves symptoms; mosquito avoidance helps prevent infection.

The guideline describes episodic antiviral treatment or continuous suppressive therapy for severe and frequent recurrences.

It requires specialist oversight and strict pregnancy prevention precautions because of serious fetal harm risk. Discuss monitoring and current Australian prescribing requirements before treatment.

Recognise sepsis risk and signs; resuscitate with rapid fluids and antibiotics as indicated by the pathway; refer/escalate for senior, specialist care and source control.