A clinician combines the history and examination with validated testing. Skin-prick testing, allergen-specific IgE and appropriately supervised challenges have recognised roles; a test result alone cannot establish allergy.

neffy nasal spray: 1 mg for 15–30 kg (minimum age 4) and 2 mg for 30 kg and over. It is TGA-registered and PBS-listed, alongside the EpiPen, Jext and Anapen 500 injectors.

Neither has a role in treating FPIES itself. Its delayed gut reaction differs from IgE-mediated anaphylaxis; repeated vomiting may accompany pallor, lethargy or floppiness.

People responding to anaphylaxis without medical training or equipment beyond an adrenaline device. They are emergency response instructions, not a document intended only for clinicians.

They are itchy and transient, often disappearing from one site as new lesions appear elsewhere. Individual wheals usually settle within 24 hours.

No. Australian Prescriber reports cephalosporin allergy in only 1–2% of people with confirmed penicillin allergy. Assess the reaction and risk carefully rather than applying a blanket ban.

The powder can spread latex proteins. ASCIA distinguishes this carrier effect from the latex allergy itself: cornstarch is not the cause of the latex allergic reaction.

Keep including the tolerated food in the diet rather than stopping after the first taste. ASCIA's checklist recommends offering introduced common allergenic foods at least weekly.

No. Most affected children also react to other animal milks, including goat's milk. A2 cow's milk is also unsuitable. Seek advice about an appropriate alternative.

Stay indoors before, during and after thunderstorms, and on windy days. Use recommended preventer treatment rather than relying only on avoiding exposure.

Children may eat slowly or gag on food. Adolescents and adults may chew for longer and drink extra water with solids. Ask about these behaviours as well as dysphagia and impaction.

Hand the used injector to ambulance staff and tell them when it was administered. ASCIA includes this handover instruction for both EpiPen and Anapen.

It reduces the risk of anaphylaxis from insect venom by changing the immune response. Treatment usually takes at least five years to produce tolerance.

Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP). It is non-IgE mediated and may include diarrhoea. Unlike immediate IgE-mediated food allergy, it does not cause anaphylaxis.

Start with a detailed history and weigh risks against benefits. Use appropriate allergy tests where available; selected patients may undergo a medically supervised challenge. Avoid restricting useful antibiotics unnecessarily.

When it occurs on most days for more than six weeks. It is commonly idiopathic, but physical triggers or autoimmune mechanisms may contribute.

They often coexist, but food allergy is not the cause of eczema. Manage the skin barrier and inflammation; do not assume every flare identifies a food allergy.