@scrollmed_etgEndocrine
eTG Diabetes (August 2026 update): Periprocedural management of adults with diabetes@scrollmed_etgEndocrine
eTG Bone and Metabolism: Primary aldosteronismThe 14-year-old who got insulin first
In January 1922, 14-year-old Leonard Thompson was close to death from diabetes at Toronto General Hospital. The first extract barely lowered his blood sugar and caused an abscess. A purer batch from James Collip, given 12 days later, worked dramatically.
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University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library: The Discovery of InsulinAn adult with known adrenal insufficiency is suspected to be in adrenal crisis at home. What does eTG emphasise?
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eTG Bone and Metabolism: Adrenal crisis@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RCH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic ketoacidosis@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RCH: Adrenal suppression secondary to exogenous glucocorticoidsThe RACGP algorithm qualifies usual metformin monotherapy in which way?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookInsulin helped earn a chemistry Nobel
Frederick Sanger mapped insulin's amino acid chains and established their connections in 1955. His protein-structure research, particularly on insulin, earned the chemistry Nobel in 1958.
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Nobel Prize: Frederick Sanger—FactsAn adult develops enlarged hands and feet with changing facial features. Which hormone excess best fits?
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healthdirect: AcromegalyThe LDL receptor had a discovery year
In 1973, Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein discovered a cell-surface receptor that takes up LDL particles. Their work helped explain how cells balance cholesterol production against cholesterol arriving from the blood.
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Nobel Prize: Michael Brown—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
Australian Prescriber 2008;31:159–61@scrollmed_auEndocrine
healthdirect: Cushing's syndromeLow cortisol accompanied by elevated ACTH most strongly suggests which site of failure?
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RACGP AJGP: Adrenal disease—An update, 2021@scrollmed_auEndocrine
Australian Prescriber 2008;31:159–61Adrenaline needed an inside messenger
Studying hormone action, especially adrenaline, helped Earl Sutherland reveal an intracellular relay. Around 1960, he showed that cAMP acts as a second messenger inside cells.
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Nobel Prize: Earl Sutherland—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP: Type 2 diabetes—Goals for optimum management@scrollmed_auEndocrine
healthdirect: Polycystic ovarian syndromeThe pituitary entered the glucose story
Bernardo Houssay found that removing parts of dogs' pituitary glands made them highly sensitive to small insulin doses. The experiments pointed to an anterior pituitary hormone that opposes insulin's effects.
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Nobel Prize: Bernardo Houssay—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookInsulin's Nobel was shared
The insulin discovery Nobel went to Frederick Banting and John Macleod in 1923. Each received half the prize; Charles Best was not a named laureate.
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Nobel Prize: Physiology or Medicine 1923What HbA1c threshold supports a diabetes diagnosis when confirmed on a separate occasion in an asymptomatic adult?
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RACGP: Defining and diagnosing type 2 diabetesGlycogen was built in a test tube
Gerty and Carl Cori did more than describe a metabolic cycle. In 1938–1939, their glycogen research identified an enzyme involved in its breakdown and also enabled glycogen production in a test tube.
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Nobel Prize: Gerty Cori—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RCH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic ketoacidosis@scrollmed_auEndocrine
NDSS: Clinical guiding principles for sick day management, June 2025For a newly diagnosed adult with type 2 diabetes and no contraindication, what is usual initial monotherapy?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhich trio of complication domains is explicitly covered in the RACGP handbook?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookRACGP handbook spans diabetes complications
Type 2 diabetes care extends beyond glycaemia: the RACGP handbook separately addresses cardiovascular risk, neuropathy, eye disease, foot care, kidney disease and glycaemic emergencies.
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhich topic does the RACGP handbook include alongside chronic complications?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbook@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhich test is recommended at 6–12 weeks after birth for someone who had gestational diabetes?
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RACGP: Gestational diabetesA person taking empagliflozin develops vomiting, abdominal pain and metabolic acidosis. Which diagnosis must be considered?
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NDSS: Clinical guiding principles for sick day management, June 2025@scrollmed_auEndocrine
Diabetes Australia: Diabetes quick guides—Hypos, July 2022Which medicine exposure can cause Cushing's syndrome?
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healthdirect: Cushing's syndromeA child with DKA has a normal initial serum potassium. What does this tell you about total body potassium?
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RCH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic ketoacidosis@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhen selecting dual therapy for type 2 diabetes, which is a key consideration?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbook@scrollmed_auEndocrine
Australian Prescriber 2011;34:42–5An adult with diabetes has hypoglycaemia, is alert and can swallow safely. What is the initial oral treatment?
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Diabetes Australia: Diabetes quick guides—Hypos, July 2022@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RCH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic stateHow should the commonly used HbA1c goal in type 2 diabetes be applied?
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RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhich thyroid disturbance can occur during amiodarone treatment?
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Australian Prescriber 2005;28:150–4@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhat major neurological harm can follow overly rapid correction of severe hyponatraemia?
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Australian Prescriber 2011;34:42–5A physicist transformed hormone testing
Rosalyn Yalow trained as a nuclear physicist, not a doctor. With physician Solomon Berson, she developed radioimmunoassay to measure tiny amounts of substances such as blood hormones.
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Nobel Prize: Rosalyn Yalow—FactsA thyroid surgeon won the Nobel
Theodor Kocher won the medicine Nobel in 1909 for thyroid research and surgery. His work linked the gland to metabolism and demonstrated safer operating methods using hygiene and minimal blood loss.
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Nobel Prize: Theodor Kocher—FactsTiny hormones needed enormous samples
Brain releasing hormones were so scarce that Andrew Schally and Roger Guillemin used large quantities of animal brains to obtain enough material. Working separately, they established a releasing hormone's structure in 1969.
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Nobel Prize: Andrew Schally—FactsAddison's landmark was illustrated
Thomas Addison's first description of the illness now carrying his name appeared in an illustrated monograph in 1855. It became a landmark in understanding adrenal function.
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Smans LCCJ, Zelissen PMJ. Thomas Addison and the adrenal gland. 2012For type 2 diabetes without a reason to prioritise another agent, which medicine is usually selected first?
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RACGP: Medical management of glycaemiaWhich biochemical pattern fits subclinical primary hypothyroidism?
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Australian Prescriber 2008;31:159–61@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookG proteins were named for their fuel
In 1980, Alfred Gilman identified signal-transfer molecules as proteins that react with GTP: G proteins. The discovery helped explain how a signal received at a cell's surface is relayed inside.
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Nobel Prize: Alfred Gilman—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
healthdirect: Parathyroid glandsAdrenal chemistry reached arthritis care
Hormones isolated from adrenal cortex tissue became the foundation for cortisone preparations. With work by Kendall and Hench, these reached rheumatoid arthritis treatment in the late 1940s.
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Nobel Prize: Philip Hench—Facts@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP: Medical management of glycaemiaWhich is a preferred biochemical screening test for suspected phaeochromocytoma?
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RACGP AJGP: Adrenal disease—An update, 2021A child with established diabetes is unwell and eating poorly. What is the key principle for basal insulin?
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RCH CPG: Unwell children with established diabetes at home@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookWhat is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in Australia?
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healthdirect: Hyperthyroidism@scrollmed_auEndocrine
NDSS: Clinical guiding principles for sick day management, June 2025Which fasting venous glucose result meets the diabetes threshold, with confirmation needed if the person is asymptomatic?
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RACGP: Defining and diagnosing type 2 diabetes@scrollmed_auEndocrine
healthdirect: Vitamin D deficiency@scrollmed_auEndocrine
RACGP type 2 diabetes handbookIn someone with nodular goitre, which investigation helps determine which nodules need biopsy?
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RACGP AFP: Goitre—Causes, investigation and management, 2012In a child with HHS, which intervention should precede insulin administration?
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RCH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic stateYou're all caught up
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