A focused ocular history and eye examination. The NSW manual is an illustrated emergency resource covering assessment and specific eye presentations.

Open-globe (penetrating) injury, orbital fracture and retrobulbar haemorrhage are among the manual’s dedicated trauma topics.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss. The cited ENT referral guide distinguishes this emergency from age-related and noise-induced hearing loss pathways.

They provide algorithms for diagnosis and management across forms of otitis media, alongside prevention and treatment recommendations.

The PCH guideline suggests considering a swab for recurrent episodes or lack of response to treatment; it is not generally needed in every presentation.

No. The MJA summary notes recommendations targeted to both high- and low-risk children, reflecting tailored clinical decision-making.

Annual and catch-up ear-health checks for at-risk children. Apply the recommendations with culturally safe care and attention to access and communication needs.

Treat it as an emergency referral presentation. The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear ENT guidance specifically lists sudden sensorineural hearing loss for immediate ED referral.

The PCH guideline describes cerumen as providing a protective layer and an acidic, lysozyme-rich environment that helps guard against infection.

When repositioning has failed after three treatments, or specialist Epley/Omniax assessment is required. The guideline otherwise lists BPPV as generally primary-care managed.

The head impulse test. The guide describes using simple bedside tests to help determine the likely cause of vertigo.

The mechanism of injury. The Eye Emergency Manual organises assessment around history and examination, with separate guidance for blunt, penetrating and other injuries.

Examples in the PCH guideline include ear-canal trauma, atopic dermatitis and discharging otitis media. Water and debris retention can also favour bacterial invasion.