During significant intercurrent illness with poor intake or fluid loss, provide an individual medication plan to reduce preventable AKI risk. Explain when to seek clinical advice and when medicines should be restarted; do not apply a blanket rule.

Pseudohyperkalaemia can follow collection artefact or haemolysis; marked thrombocytosis or leucocytosis can also affect results. Do not dismiss a dangerous result—correlate clinically, check ECG and confirm appropriately.

Consider respiratory, urinary, CNS, abdominal/hepatobiliary, skin/soft tissue, wounds and intravascular devices. Target history, examination and investigations to the presentation; source control may be needed.

Recognise sepsis risk and signs; resuscitate with rapid fluids and antibiotics as indicated by the pathway; refer/escalate for senior, specialist care and source control.

An obstructed infected urinary system can require urgent specialist assessment and source control. Look for features of obstruction and escalate rather than treating presumed infection in isolation.

Resuscitation treats circulatory compromise; replacement addresses deficit or ongoing losses; maintenance meets routine needs when oral/enteral intake is inadequate. Choose and monitor according to the patient and indication.

A change in graft function may signal rejection but has other possible causes, including infection, obstruction or drug toxicity. Seek prompt transplant-team assessment; do not adjust immunosuppression independently.

Use eGFR category (G) together with albuminuria category (A, based on uACR). The combined picture helps describe kidney risk; one isolated result does not establish chronicity.

Referral can secure senior or specialist care, source control and retrieval when required.

Fever or headache with new confusion, drowsiness, seizures or altered consciousness should raise concern. Encephalitis can be life-threatening and requires hospital assessment.

AKI staging considers the magnitude of serum creatinine change and urine-output criteria over specified time windows. Use the current KDIGO/KHA-CARI criteria rather than a single creatinine value in isolation.

Some infections need source control, specialist care or retrieval. Early senior and specialty involvement helps address the underlying source as well as physiological deterioration.

Pre-renal: reduced renal perfusion; intrinsic renal: parenchymal injury; post-renal: obstructed urine flow. History, examination, urine tests and imaging help distinguish them.

A congenital renal fusion anomaly in which the kidneys are joined, commonly at their lower poles. It may be discovered incidentally; clinical implications depend on associated anatomy and complications.

No. CKD requires persistent kidney abnormality over time or other evidence of chronic kidney damage. Compare previous results and repeat testing as clinically appropriate while assessing for AKI.

SGLT2 inhibitors have a kidney- and cardiovascular-protective role in eligible people with CKD, including beyond glucose lowering. Check the handbook and current eligibility criteria for individual prescribing.

Assess symptoms, acuity, volume status, serum and urine osmolality, urine sodium and likely cause. Interpret results in context; treatment depends on the mechanism and urgency.