Inguinal hernias are the commonest and mostly affect males; femoral hernias are more common in females.

Obstruction can cause pain and other symptoms, including jaundice, cholecystitis or pancreatitis.

Hospital treatment may include intravenous fluids, antibiotics and analgesia; cholecystectomy is recommended for most people.

It enables appropriate monitoring and antiviral treatment when indicated, helping prevent outcomes including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Ask about travel to malaria-affected regions. Malaria is transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and fever during or after such travel needs prompt assessment.

No. MAFLD uses positive metabolic criteria and can coexist with other liver disease causes, including alcohol use or hepatitis C.

Advanced and especially decompensated cirrhosis can alter prescribing decisions; hepatically metabolised or excreted medicines need particular caution.

The Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GESA) publishes Australian recommendations for hepatocellular carcinoma management.

Persistent intense right or central upper abdominal pain, often with nausea, vomiting or fever. Gallstones are the usual cause; hospital assessment is required.

No more than 4 standard drinks on any one day, alongside no more than 10 standard drinks per week. Less is lower risk.

Lifestyle intervention and optimisation of metabolic risks, including diabetes and dyslipidaemia; the cited review notes no approved medication therapy for MAFLD.

Consider metabolic fatty liver, viral infection, biliary disease, alcohol, drug toxicity and less commonly autoimmune disease; interpret tests in clinical context.

The Australian consensus highlights prevention of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, among other complications, through timely identification and indicated treatment.

Prehepatic: increased red-cell breakdown. Hepatic: impaired liver processing. Posthepatic/obstructive: blockage prevents processed bilirubin leaving in bile.

Ongoing or episodic upper abdominal pain (often radiating to the back), oily or floating stools, and unintended weight loss can occur.

It standardises information for people involved in ordering and performing hepatitis C tests; it is not a clinical management guideline.

The RACGP article identifies alcohol abstinence and good nutrition as cornerstones; also consider medication safety, immunisation and early management of complications.